Geospatial Data: International

Natural Earth is a great site for a variety of natural and socio-political datasets such as rivers, roads, boundaries, on a global scale. Includes large scale sets (detailed) and small scale (generalized) data. Natural Earth data is optimized for cartography.

International layers at 1:1M

Free spatial data. International in scope. Here you can find administrative boundaries, transportation, and more. Much of Diva's data is based on public domain VMAP data.

Internal and external borders for each country. Data can be downloaded in a variety of formats including shapefile, geodatabase, geopackage, and R Spatial.

Global road data from NASA. Global or regional datasets are available as Esri geodatabases or shapefiles.

Natural Earth is a great site for a variety of natural and socio-political datasets such as rivers, roads, boundaries, on a global scale. Includes large scale sets (detailed) and small scale (generalized) data. Natural Earth data is optimized for cartography.

Global population database that shows geographical distribution of population at one-kilometer resolution over an average 24 hour period.

Access interactive maps, satellite imagery, and related spatial databases from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Comparative data by country from the United Nations and affiliate organizations on many topics.

Environmental data and more. Lots of GIS data.

Free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.

Global elevation data from the USGS.

A variety of elevation data files from around the world.

Digital Elevation Models (DEM) from around the globe.

The International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) at Columbia University. The Data Library Map room provides data, maps, and figures related to climate and society on a global and continental scale.

United Nations Environment Programme Environmental Data Explorer.

Geologic maps from around the world by the USGS.

NASA's active fire point data, available in several geospatial formats. Covers the last 7 days.
For archive data, look here: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/download/

Global soil data in raster format. Last updated in 2012.

Global temperature and rainfall data. Raster data with 1km resolution.

Wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers throughout the world. Vector and raster data available on variable scales.